The Trouble with NACA-4digit airfoil sections
Propeller
Dynamics
Essential reading for model aircraft contest fliers. This is the
only book on the market explaining propeller theory in non-mathematical
terms. A rattling good read, I know, I wrote it.
Read
more...
|
|
|
Short
History of the Enya 19 and traditional Enyas |
Courtesy
of Bob Allan , August 2004 |
The Enya 19
For some time now, the existence of a previously unknown
type of ENYA needle valve assembly has been suspected but
never confirmed. Everyone is familiar with the flexible, spring
type NVA assembly which has been standard equipment on ENYA
engines for over 50 years, but photographic proof has now
emerged of a very early rigid type needle valve which was
fitted to the 3 bolt front ENYA 19 and the early sand cast
29's. Thanks to the generosity of David Hughes in the US who
kindly supplied me with a photocopy of an exceedingly rare
and very early ENYA instruction leaflet , we now know for
certain what these first ENYA needle valves looked like, and
an original example of these is shown fitted to the 3 bolt
19 in the photograph. Engineering drawings of this type of
NVA have now been made, and it is hoped that exact replica's
will in due course, become available.
Additional information has come to hand, with
regard to the very first model ENYA 19 with the front housing
attached by 3 bolts. My U.S. friend and co-conspiritor in
all things ENYA, Pat King, has done some very detailed examination
on several different examples of the 19 3-bolt, and discovered
some ( previously unknown ) marked differences within the
3-bolt family. It now seems clear that at least 2 different
"models" of that 19 exist, the earlier one having
7 head fins ( later one 8 ) whilst quite significant variations
were also found in the crankshaft intake port timing between
the 2 engines. Whether or not the latter was intentional or
just lathe operators "licence" ( as was the case
even with such highly regarded engines as the British Mills
Diesels ) remains to be seen. However, the fact that the earlier
engine has a round intakeport in the shaft whilst the later
one features a rectangular one seems to suggest a continuity
of model development and improvement."
The very first model engine produced by Enya
was the 63 which Saburo Enya used at a flying meet in 1949.
In October 1949, two types, No.1 and 2 were marketed under
the name Enya "Typhoon" 63. Type No.1 was a plain
bearing and shaft rotary valve engine, while Type No.2 was
a twin ball-race and disc rotary valve model. Only Type 1
reached production levels. The 63 was replaced by 60 in 1956.
In February 1950, the quantity production of model engines
began with the very first Enya 19 - a sandcast engine with
a 3-bolt front housing, produced in small numbers until the
introduction of the Enya 19 Model 4002, which featured an
oval exhaust and head fins higher at the front. (the corresponding
Red Head sandcast 29 appeared in April 1952-with 4 bolt housing).
Slotted screws used on these, "Made in Japan" cast
into L.H. mounting lug adge - 4 bolt front-housing and head..
This die-cast 4002 started production circa 1953, followed
by the Enya 19 Model 4003 in about 1955, which featured a
long, "slopey" intake and thin-walled rectangular
exhaust, "flat" on top head fins.
The Enya 19 model 4004 appeared circa 1962 (19-IV) and had
Philips head screws, thicker exhaust with markings for muffler
bolts, "Made in Japan" cast into backplate and lug
for pressure tap cast into the underside of the front housing.
Up to, and including this model, all Enya 19's featured "square
" bore/stroke 16mm X 16mm and available only in plain
bearing. All this changed circa 1969 - 70 with the introduction
of the Enya 19-V Model 4005, which was available in a twin
ball-race model and the bore/stroke, which was now more modern
"over-square" at 16.5mm X 15mm. The 19-V was more
powerful ( 0.28 BHP at nearly 13,000 RPM with muffler, compared
with 0.24 BHP at 11,750 RPM for the 19-IV), more compact and
fractionally lighter than its predecessor, the 19 -IV.
The Enya 19-VI Model 4006 appeared circa late 1970's (?) with
same bore.stroke of 0.654" X 0.590", but producing
slightly more power at slightly higher rev's. Distinguished
by muffler strap lug at top of by pass bulge. |
"Traditional"
Enya's
(ie., the non-schnuerle ported, bolt together models with steel
cylinders)
Model 09: First appeared circa 1955-56 (big exhaust) Model 3001,
then
Enya09-II circa 1960, 09-III circa 1965-66, 09-IV circa ?, also
available in BB version, with red prop. drive. Only first 09
had bypass
bulge, thereafter bypass passages machined into cylinder liner.
Model 15: First appeared circa 1956, then Model 1B (2mm shorter
shaft)
in 1957, Model II circa 1960-61, Model III (3303) September
66-67, IV
Model 3304 with band around front housing and V (?). The first
Enya 15's
had bypass bulges - thereafter bypasses machined into liner.
15 Diesels appeared Mk I, 1956 and Mk. II 1960 with chromed
cylinder
liner. Some specials (similar to 29 Special listed below) based
on the 15-IB
appeared, but did not enter production.
Model 19: see previous article
Model 29: First appeared April 1952, then "airfoil"
exhaust Model 5002
circa 1955, the III 5103 1957, IIIB 1959, IV-5224 1964 (square
venturi),
IV-B-5224, round venturi, 29-V-5225. Twin ball-race versions
of the
29-IV and 35-III appeared 1965-66.
In about 1960, a special racing version of the 29-III was produced,
with
single rear ball-race and "ashtray" intake (similar
Fox 29R) This 29 "Special" was listed in MAN
Sept. 61 at $19.95 (regular III "Speedy"
$15.00) and had chromed cylinder bore. Still designated Model
5103, this
special compared poorly with the standard 29-III (rated at 0.69
BHP
@ 16,000 RPM) being rated only at 0.75 BHP. The later 29-IV
Model
5224 was rated at 0.80 BHP, and this with the plain bronze bearing
and
suction feed. The 29-3B had 2 interchangeable cylinder heads
with deeper
cooling fins than the earlier 29-III, which came either with
a 10:1 or 9:1
head installed. The 29 IV-B appeared in 1973/74
Model 35: The 5001 replaced the 36 circa 1957, similar style
to first 15 & 19 4003, then 35-II circa 1961 (model
6001), then 35-III 5224, 1964,
(square venturi), III-B 5224 (round venturi), 35-V 5225. The
first
model 45 was based on the same castings as 35-II. The V -series
29's and
35's were the only ones to be fitted with head gaskets (removeable
for
higher C/R). The BB versions had round venturi and smaller front
race.
While most Enya's had grey, matt-finished crankcases, some (like
the
09-II and 15-II) came in shiny polished alloy, also 60-II. No
Enya 35-IV
produced - the numbering system went from IIIB to V, and Model
5224
to 5225. The 35 III-B appeared in 1973/74.
The Enya 35-V Model 5225 BB has smaller front race than 35 III
BB "Special", but same weight. Could be better
suited to stunt . Mine has
noticeably lower compression than "Special", due to
the cost-cutting
measure of fitting a removeable aluminium head gasket instead
of optional
head. Also has very small venturi I.D. and much "free-er"
in the
piston/cylinder fit (hand lapping axed?)
Model 40: Only Enya with Dykes ring, Model 6002 appeared circa
1973
- no variations.
Click to enlarge
Model 45: First appeared with plain head (no fins) circa 1962,
then finned
head 6001, 45 BB 6001 circa 1968, 45-II 6002 (R/C timing)
circa late
'70s. A dedicated C/L stunt 45 was also produced, designated
45 'S',
based on the plain bearing 6001 45. Specs on this motor were
bore/stroke
0.877" X 0.748" (22.2 X 19 mm), displacement 0.449
cu.in. (7.35 cc),
weight 8.4 oz, max BHP 0.70.
Model 60: First appeared 1956, then 60-II (2-ring 7032) circa
1965,
60-III (2 ring 7033) circa 1970, 60 III-B circa 1973 (single
ring-bigger
G8 carb.)
General notes: Standard venturi 1968 Enya prices were: 09
III $8.95,
15 III $10.50, 19 IV $13.50, 29 IV $15.95, 35 III
$17.50, 45 BB $32.50, 60 II $43.50
Early 29 and 35 had radiused prop driver, later ones
stepped, both with square venturi.
No production figures are known, although in his 1966
MAN test of the 09 III, P.G.F. Chinn mentioned that
"some 95000 units of the 09 II" had been produced
and sold between 1960 and 1965. |
Enya
45 6002, Enya 40 6002 and ST46 timings by Supercool
The following transfer and exhaust durations were measured
by Supercool on his Enya 45 6002 and Enya 40 6002. The
Enya 40 is by far the most powerful of the 3 motors.
|
Transfer |
Exhaust |
|
Open |
Closed |
Open
|
Closed |
Enya 45 6002 |
126 |
234 |
141 |
219 |
Enya 40 6002 |
108 |
252 |
126 |
234 |
ST 46 |
118 |
242 |
134 |
226 |
Below I have included my correspondence
with Bob on these articles:
Stuart,
As this ENYA business is very much an ongoing process, I will
send you any new "discoveries" as they come to hand,
so here's some now -
On my sheet ( refering to Models 6001 & 6002 in the 40/45
size ) I mentioned about the timing being " C/L stunt
" or " R/C " - ENYA never designated these
as such, its just that the earlier, more conservatively
timed 6001's suited the C/L stunt flyer better than the later
6002's ( in the quest for higher power output ). Now, my latest
finding is that there are variations even within the 6001
group and as an example, the 1968 ENYA 45 BB has different
timing to the earlier 45 plain bearing - both 6001's.
Port Timing ENYA 45 BB ENYA 45 pb Shaft Timing ( 45 BB )
Exhaust 122 degrees 132 degrees Open 38 degrees ABDC
Bypass 102 degrees 118 degrees Close 52 degrees ATDC Total
induction period 194 degrees
Capacity 7.499 cc 7.354 cc
With regard to the sand cast, 6 bolt front 63 & 60, the
mistake was made in the 1959-60 Aeromodeller Plans Handbook,
where it claimed both shared the same bore and stroke. An
engineer friend of mine in the States has examples of both
the 63 and 60, and he kindly ripped them apart and measured
them -
ENYA 63 ( serial # 6928 ) ENYA 60 ( serial # 7751 )
Bore 24.5 mm 24 mm
Stroke 22 mm 22mm
Displacement 0.6335 cu. in. 0.6073 cu. in.
That will do for now, my missus wants the computer !
BOB.
Stuart,
Its not generally known that an ENYA engine with the
bolt - on front housing can very easily be made to run
in reverse, simply by rotating the front housing 90
degrees to the right ( when viewed from the rear of
the engine ). Why would you want to do this ? Well,
I' ve been wanting to fly a C/L model with 3 line throttle
control ever since I was a kid, and the information
I' ve gathered suggests that an engine turning in the
opposite direction to normal is highly desirable, as
sudden throttling up will usually cause the model to
bank in on the lines, due to torque reaction in an anti
- clockwise ( viewed from the front ) turning motor.
So, I contacted my ENYA friend in the States who is
an engineer, Pat King, and asked him to check the shaft
timing on an ENYA 35 - lll B, firstly with the intake
upright as delivered from the factory, then with the
shaft housing rotated 90 degrees to the right hand side
of the engine - here are his findings
ENYA 35 - lll B shaft timing, normal configuration -
With housing on the side ( reverse rotation )
Port opens at 48 deg. ABDC Port opens at 46 deg. ABDC
Port closes at 48 deg. ATDC Port closes at 50 deg. ATDC
Pat says that " The timing is so close that a dynometer
is probably the only thing that could detect the horsepower
difference ". Obviously, the shaft timing duration
remains the same, so 5 minutes with a screwdriver and
you can convert your ENYA to run in reverse ! Don' t
forget to bolt on a pusher prop.
BOB.
|
Stuart,
If you want to use that ENYA stuff, thats fine but with the
proviso that everyone is aware that it is NOT the definitive
history of ENYA engines, merely a gathering of any information
that was printed by Peter Chinn and Ron Moulton over the years.
There is almost certainly some omissions and errors, and the
further I delve into the history of the ENYA company, the
more I am aware of how little I know ! Engine companies these
days are run by bean counters,who know little ( if anything
) of the brands early history. As an example, that 1958 OS
Max 35 Combatnik I have does not appear on the OS wall chart,
and when I emailed the OS factory in Japan for information
they admitted they had trouble identifying it, eventually
deciding it was a Max 1 ! Shows how much they know. The only
printed article on ENYA ( that I am aware of ) appeared in
Model Airplane News, way back in March 1968, so any information
I have just results from cross referencing early mentions
of ENYA's in Aeromodeller, MAN and Model Aircraft, and as
my collection of these magazines is far from complete, there'
s probably still a heap of info out there that I haven' t
even seen yet !
BOB.
|
More from Bob Allan:
The Enya 45 6001 versions |
|
Stuart, some fresh information
has come to light on the very early Typhoon 63 mentioned elsewhere.
This comes courtesy of Alan Strutt in the UK, who is a very
lucky ENYA collector indeed - not only does he own the Typhoon
bearing Serial # V 2191 , but also another example with the
Serial # 2069 - this latter one being the one pictured on
page 65 of Mike Clanfords engine book. Although at first glance
these 2 engines look very similar, on closer examination some
startling differences become evident, maybe indicating that
at that early stage of development, each individual engine
was basically a handmade "Special" with standardisation
still aways off, and in Alan's own words - "On V2191,
the crankshaft is shorter and more heavily overhung. The front
housing is a different casting with the rear bearing housing
visible. Interestingly, the front bearing is a twin row ball
race...something I personally have never seen on any other
engine. The rear cover is different in that the moulding for
the inlet open area is smaller : the induction tract is shorter
and horizontal as opposed to up-angled. They have different
pistons, with the height between wrist pin and piston top
being shorter on V2191. V2191 is assembled with 3mm screws,
whereas the other one ( Serial # 2069) uses the much more
unusual 3.3mm. The photos show a 1950 Type 2 ENYA 63 "Typhoon"
glow engine with a twin ringed piston. Although the plug appears
to be a sparking type, it is actually a Champion VG-2 glow
plug which was one of the first glow plugs available, and
even today, highly sought after ( a new one can fetch up to
$70 ! ). It seems that these big ENYA's came from the factory
with 3 hole mounting lugs.
With regard to the fabled ENYA 36 mentioned elsewhere,
I have found some technical data on this engine, and have
included it in a comparison with
the following Model 5001 ENYA 35 -
|
Bore |
Stroke |
Capacity |
Factory
claimed max. HP |
Comp.
Ratio |
ENYA
36 |
0.794 in. |
0.735
in |
0.36
cu. in. or 5.99 cc |
0.60 |
7
: 1 |
ENYA
35 |
0.794 in. |
0.715
in |
0.354
cu.in. or 5.8 cc |
0.70 |
7
: 1 |
Also, the first ENYA 19 Model 4002's ( produced concurrently
with the Red Head 29 ) had a red head & prop. driver,
with the head being flat topped as on the 29. Later 4002's
had the distinctive rounded shape head fins, higher at the
front.
BOB |
|
|